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Thinking and Language |
Algorithm
A step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution.
Artificial Intelligence
The science of designing computer systems to perform operations that mimic human thinking and do “intelligent” things.
Availability Heuristic
We base our judgements on the availability of information in our memories.
Babbling Stage By around 4 months of age, babies spontaneously utter a variety of sounds such as ah-goo. Belief Perseverance
Our tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence. Often fuels social conflict.
Cognition
Refers to all the mental activities associated with processing, understanding, and communicating.
Computer Neural Networks
Computer systems designed to mimic the brain’s interconnected neural units.
Concepts
Mental groupings of similar objects, events, and people.
Confirmation Bias An eagerness to search for information that confirms our own ideas. Fixation The inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective. Framing
The way an issue is presented in a particular way that causes a reaction based on how it was framed.
Functional Fixedness Our tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed and unchanging. Grammar A system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. Heuristics Rule of thumb strategies that take less time to figure out a problem yet are open to error. Insight The answer to any problem just comes automatically and absolutely no problem-solving strategies are used. Language Our spoken, written, or gestured words and the ways we combine them as we think and communicate. Linguistic Relativity Different languages impose different conceptions of reality. Mental Set
A tendency to repeat solutions that have worked in the past, which is a type of fixation.
Morpheme
The smallest unit of language that carries meaning.
One-Word Stage Around 1 year of age, babies begin to use sounds to communicate meaning. These first words usually contain only one syllable- ma or da for instance. Overconfidence A tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgements. Phonemes A set of basic sounds. Prototypes A mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we associate with a category. Representative Heuristic
To judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent particular prototypes.
Semantics
The set of rules we use to derive meaning from morphemes, words, and even sentences.
Syntax
The rules we use to order words into sentences.
Telegraphic Speech
Early form of speech that occurs at the Two-Word Stage where speech contains mostly nouns and verbs.
Two-Word Stage
Before their second birthday, babies start uttering two-word sentences.