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Motivation |
Achievement motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment: mastery of things, people, or ideas, for attaining a high standard
Anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
Basal metabolic rate
the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
Bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of over eating, by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.
Drive-reduction theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates and organism to satisfy the need
Estrogen
a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
Externals
are people whose eating is triggered more by the presence of food than by internal factors
Extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards of threats of punishment
glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hungry.
Hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
Homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal sate; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Incentive
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Industrial/organizational psychology
a sub field of psychology that studies and advises on workplace behavior. Industrial organizational psychologists help organizations select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, and design products and asses responses to them
Instinct
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective (approach work or playing seeking interest or challenge)
Lateral hypothalamus
brings on hunger, when stimulated: a well-fed animal would begin to eat—when the area is destroyed: even a starving animal would not eat.
Motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Set point
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
sexual disorder
a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning- some involve motivation and lack of sexual energy
sexual response cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
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excitement period- the genital areas become engorged with blood, causing a man’s penis to become partially aroused and a women’s clitoris to become swelled
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plateau phase- the excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase- the penis becomes fully erect and some pre-fluid
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orgasm- muscle contractions all over the body, while continuing an increase in blood pressure and breathing
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resolution phase- the male enters a refractory period- a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm- the female one is not that long.
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social leadership-
group oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
task leadership– goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
testosterone- the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
Theory X:
assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money and thus, should be directed from above
Theory Y:
assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity
The ventromedial hypothalamus:
depresses hunger- so when stimulated an animal will stop eating—when destroyed the animal’s stomach and intestines will process food more rapidly, causing it to eat more often and become extremely fat